
Project Finance Theory: Concepts & Applications | Mazars Financial Modelling
Develop your career by undertaking Project Finance: Concepts & Applications, a course designed to give...
Debt sculpting is a commonly used term in project finance. It means that the principal repayment obligations have been calculated to ensure that the principal and interest obligations are appropriately matched to the strength and pattern of the cash flows in each period.
This tutorial outlines an algebraic approach to debt sculpting, debt sculpting applications and explains the use of debt sculpting to achieve target DSCR.
Debt sculpting can be achieved in several ways, the most common being:
We need to keep in mind that either of the following two relationships can be rearranged:
Where:
In turn, this means that assuming we are targeting a DSCR or an LLCR:
Or, for a target DSCR of 2.00x:
You may also be interested in our post in project finance debt sculpting vs. debt sizing.
Common instances where sculpting is required include:
The interest cost, always being calculated as interest rate x opening balance, is not sculpted directly, although its amount and timing will be directly influenced by the principal repayment schedule in all preceding repayment periods.
An example below illustrates a project with irregular cash flow and how to debt sculpt to achieve the target DSCR of 1.50x.
To recap, the principal repayment is calculated as:
Principal = CFADS / DSCR (Target) – interest
To ensure that the debt is fully repaid by the final maturity date (30-Jun-17 in this example), the principal repayment calculated using the formula above is further adjusted as:
Principal (Applied) = minimum (calculated principal, debt balance b/f)
The last step for checking purposes is to recalculate the DSCR to make sure that the target DSCR is achieved in every period. Unless there are other optimisation procedures to run, you will find the DSCR corresponding to the final repayment is higher than the target. Depending upon your situation and constraints this may or may not be OK so check with your team.
Graphs are often useful during the debt sculpting process as a checking tool. The graph below clearly demonstrates that the project in this example has irregular cash flows, thus the sculpted debt repayment needs to be matched to the pattern of the cash flow in each period.
Debt sculpting is often overcomplicated in many financial models. However, it can be handled quite simply using the straightforward logic above. A fundamental understanding of debt sculpting means you can solve this algebraically in many situations.
1 Definition of debt service cover ratio (DSCR): The ratio of the cash available to service and repay debt obligations to the principal and interest obligations themselves.
2 Definition of loan life cover ratio (LLCR) : The ratio of the net present value (NPV) of cash available for debt service (CFADS) during the life of the loan to the debt balance outstanding in any period.
There are numerous other tutorials and free resources related to financial modelling in the Corality Financial Modelling Campus.
Some of the more popular courses that relate to this topic include:
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